Carleton Engineering SCE Faculty A. Adler Courses BIOM5010

BIOM 5010 / BMG 5112 - Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Marks (by last 3 digits of student #) Practice Exam, Final Exam F2011 Description Research ethics and methods. Engineering systems approach to analysis and modelling of human anatomy and physiology. Introduction to topics including biomechanics, electrophysiology, and computational biology. Biomedical technologies. Impact of technology on society. Prerequisites OCIBME and OCIECE graduate students. Instructor Andy Adler Email: adler@sce.carleton.ca Note: Emails to the instructor must contain a subject line "BIOM5010: your subject line" Office: Canal 6204 Phone: +1-613-520-2600 x 8785 Office Hours:  −Friday 1330−1500 Times and Locations Fall 2011     (Sept. 8 − Dec. 5) Section   Activity   Day   Time   Location   BIOM5010    LEC    Wed    11h35−12h55    ME 3174    BIOM5010    LEC    Fri    11h35−12h55    ME 3174    Text There is no assigned text. Course material will be from class presentations and assigned readings. Links are given in the course outline. Marks Work   Value Assignments & Quizzes (Best 10 of 12)    30 Project    40 − Project proposal    − 2 − One page summary    − 4 − Research Ethics Application    − 8 − Draft Presentation    − 8 − Three sentence    − 2 − Presentation    −16 Final Exam    30 Exams For all exams, you will be permitted a calculator and one (1) 8.5"×11" paper sheet containing any information you choose (double sided). Marks Policies Late work Policy (without *excellent* excuse): 1) 20% if ≤ 7 days late, 2) 0 mark if > 7 days late. If you have a question about a mark you have received, fill out, sign and submit this form. Academic fraud will be taken seriously. Cooperation between students for assignments is expected and encouraged; however, copying of another's work is not. Students with Disabilities Students with disabilities requiring academic accommodations in this course must register with the Paul Menton Centre (PMC) for Students with Disabilities for a formal evaluation of disability-related needs. Registered PMC students are required to contact the Centre, 613-520-6608, every term to ensure that I receive your Letter of Accommodation, no later than two weeks before the first assignment is due or the first in-class test/midterm requiring accommodations. If you require accommodation for your formally scheduled exam(s) in this course, please submit your request for accommodation to PMC by Nov 11, 2011. Quizzes & Assignments Each Wednesday class will have either an assignment or quiz due. Quizzes will be the first 10 minutes of class and cover one question in the assigned list. Assignments are due at the beginning of class.   No. Assignment   Due Date 1 (Quiz) Does the example #2 constitute plagiarism. Briefly (≤50 words) explain why. Does the example #3 constitute plagiarism. Briefly (≤50 words) explain why. What is the difference between a book, a technical report, and a paper in an academic journal? What is the difference between single and a double blind review? Briefly (≤50 words) explain one reason that peer review is "blinded". What is the value of a journal rating system such as the "impact factor"? List one criticism of a journal rating system such as the "impact factor"? Sep 14 2 (Quiz) Briefly discuss random vs. stratified sampling. Which would you recommend (and give a reason) for a study of "bone density as a function of age and exercise level". We ask patient groups A and B to rate their satisfaction with their care on a scale of 0…10. What are the dependent and independent variables? What level of measurement is "satisfaction with care?" Can we say "group B is 1.5× more satisfied than A"? Consider this graph [www.datavis.ca/gallery/ from Metal Boat Quarterly]. Discuss two errors with this graph? Using the following measurements, construct a box plot, showing outliers, if any: { 12, 20, 20, 15, 18, 8, 14, 19, 18, 20}. Draw a histograph of the data above. Does this data have skew? Sep 21 3 (Quiz) Imagine a researcher wants to suggest that Green(G) people are smarter than Purple(P) people. He measures head mass of a sample of volunteers from each group. Assume the true population statistics are μG=4.4kg, σG=0.6kg and μP=4.3kg, σP=0.6kg. What is self-selection bias? Discuss briefly how it may be relevant in this case (≤50 words). What is the confidence interval on the mean for each group for a sample size N=100 and N=10000. What size of study (N) is required to achieve a power of 0.95? The researcher wants to test the hypothesis "On average G have larger brains than P". i) What is the null hypothesis? ii) Describe one possible third variable that may be relevant to this study? Would this result be statistically significant? Would it be practically significant? Is the measured variable relevant to the conclusion? Discuss briefly the difference (≤50 words). Sep 28 4 (Quiz) Briefly describe two of the roles of the Research Ethics Board. Participant recruitment needs additional careful consideration if the participants are from a vulnerable group (such as children, seniors, or developmentally challenged). Briefly describe one of the considerations the needs to be made for such vulnerable participants? (If the consideration you choose only applies to one vulnerable group, then clarify which group). What is informed consent? Briefly describe one of the ethical issues associated with informed consent. In a research study, risk to participants can be physical, emotional, psychological, social or economic. Briefly describe an example of emotional risk? Briefly describe an example of economic risk? Oct 5 5 (Quiz)  Consider the ethical issue "Autonomy" from slide 3C.3 (slide#3). The options are to 1) not perform the procedure, or 2) perform it without consent. Briefly discuss Which option will produce the most good and do the least harm? (The Utilitarian Approach) Which option best respects the rights of all who have a stake? (The Rights Approach) Oct 12 6 (Quiz) What happens if we stimulate a nerve axon in an attempt to make it conduct in the "wrong" direction? Sketch a diagram and briefly describe the behaviour. How does myelin help increase nerve conduction velocity? The loss of the myelin sheath (demyelination) is present in several neurological disorders. Describe one neurological consequence of loss of myelin? Draw a diagram of the ECG waveform. Label the P,Q,R,S, and T events. Describe (briefly) what happens at the P, R and T events. Why does the heart pause (briefly) after the atrial contraction? The EMG is a stochastic signal with a random amplitude and phase with respect to the underlying muscle behaviour, while the ECG shows a deterministic structure. However, both signals originate from contracting muscle fibres. Explain (briefly) why the ECG and EMG differ in this way? Oct 19 7 (Quiz) Discuss (briefly, ≤30 words each) three roles of a clinical engineer. Medical Device licensing has the downside of making novel technology take longer to get into use. Discuss an advantage and disadvantage of medical device licensing. Discuss (briefly) the following two issues associated with repair and troubleshooting of medical devices: 1) training of hospital technologists, and 2) liability of companies Discuss two reasons why good design (considering human factors in the device and software interface) is so important in medical devices? Oct 26 8 (Quiz) In Canada, what medical device class is an ECG machine? an orthopaedic implant? Briefly explain why. What is the difference between phase II and phase III clinical trials. Why are phase III trials so much more expensive? Why is it important to use statistical power calculations before a phase III trial? Why did the invention of X-ray and ECG machines result in a move toward "hospitalization"? Briefly discuss one of the (very many) consequences of this move into hospitals. Sketch a cell membrane, showing the lipid layer and protein channels. What ions are pumped through the protein channels? Can water pass through the membrane? Battlefield medics will now often carry hypertonic saline rather than normal saline. Explain how this could help (from the point of view of osmolarity)? Nov 2 9 (Quiz) Descibe the difference between Evoked potentials and resting rhythms in EEG signals. A 70kg patient breathes as shown on slide 6A.6, with fb = 10breaths/min and VDS = 150ml. Due to a chest injury, she wants to make much smaller chest movements, to not move the bones. If the new TV = 250ml, sketch the new breathing pattern required to maintain the original aveolar ventilation. Sketch left ventricular pressure and the ECG signal as a function of time. Indicate when and why the aortic valve opens. Why Does the QRS peak occur before the aortic value opens? Draw a block diagram of the steps between DNA and tertiary proteen structure, indicating what process (ie. transcription, translation, folding) happens between each step. Briefly discuss two types of control of gene expression in eukaryotes. Nov 9 10 (Quiz) Show the ECG signal and indicate how it relates to the classic "thump-thump" sounds of the heart. What events happen at each sound? The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifts right with increasing temperature, and left with decreasing temperature. Describe a scenario in which this is a benefit (ie. exercise, disease), and explain why. Based on the chest wall PV curve figure, explain how: i) moving from sitting to standing will change FRC. ii) stiffening lung tissue (infection) will change FRC. Show a graph of muscular pressure, flow, and volume for a slow breath (ie. ignore PFR) from FRC to FRC+1L as in slide 06F.15. Indicate how the curve will change if the subject breathes from FRC+1L to FRC+2L (ie. same TV) instead. Which one requires more work? Consider a patient breathing as per the slide 06F.17. She starts at FRC (for 10s), breathes in 500mL air in 2s, holds the breath for 2s and breathes out 500mL in 1s. Using slide 06F.17, sketch a graph assuming the airflow resistance RL=2kPa/(L/s). Sketch how the graph would change for obstructive lung disease (doubling of RL). Sketch how the graph would change for restrictive lung disease (doubling of lung stiffness, while the chest wall stiffness remains constant). A child consumes oxygen at (V-dot) V̇O2=100 ml O2/min, What is the O2 concentration in expired air if he breathes (at sea level) atmospheric air at 10 breaths/min, and 200 ml/breath, with a VDS=50ml. Does the deadspace volume matter. What effect does it have? What is his SvO2 if SaO2=98%, cardiac output is 2 L/min, and blood Hemoglobin concentration is normal (0.15 g/ml)? Nov 23 11 (Quiz) Define mechanotransduction in one sentence. Sketch a schematic of a cell and identify its components and indicate and briefly describe those important to mechanotransduction. Describe what possible cellular responses are. List and illustrate two methods to test cells mechanically. Clarify whether methods test portions of cells, whole cells or multiple cells. A subject is standing and flexing his/her forearm to the horizontal position. Draw the free-body diagram of the forearm and identify forces and their directions. State your assumptions. What static balance equations can be written? Which are known or unknown quantities? Describe the stress-strain curve and general mechanical properties of bone as they relate to bone composition. Describe the stress-strain curve and general mechanical properties of ligaments and tendons as they relate to their composition. Use schematics whenever convenient. In the paper, Waldman&Lee, 2002, J Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 13:933−938, briefly summarize (≤ 50 words each): 1. the goal and methods, and 2. the conclusions and relevance. Nov 30 Project By it's nature, an introductory course such as this one, can only cover a small fraction of biomedical engineering. In the project, you are asked to present an investigation into another aspect. By sharing these we hope to cover a broader view of the subject. You are encouraged to discuss with your supervisor or with me. Projects must: −investigate an engineering contribution to a biomedical problem −centre on a recent (≤10 years old) paper or set of papers. Papers must conduct experimental research. −report on 1) the medical aspect, 2) the current state, and 3) the novel contribution Activity Description   Due Date Project Proposal Proposal is 1-2 pages (double spaced). Include description, background, and references. Sep. 28 Research ethics application. Complete a Carleton or U.Ottawa research ethics application for the research you are considering, or a follow-on project (could be your thesis research). Note: For the consent portion, you can simply add a line saying "I have read this form and I consent to be part of this study". Next add signature lines for the participant and researcher. Oct. 12 One page summary A critical summary. Include background, objective, methods, contribution, novelty, criticisms (if any). One page (12pt single spaced). Oct. 26 updated Midterm report (Draft Presentation) Report is a draft of your presentation: draft slides, with a text explanation of what you plan to describe for each slide. Include a workplan of what extra material is required for the final presentation. Nov. 11 Three sentences For the paper you have selected, in three sentences, clarify: 1) the medical problem, 2) the research objective, 3) the results and significance. Aim for clarity and try to avoid being too technical. Nov. 23 Presentation Presentations will be (≈10 minutes) in English. Marks are based on technical content (45%), clarity of presentation (45%), and ability to answer questions (10%). Dec. 16 Course Outline Date   Activity Sep 9   Introduction to Biomedical Engineering. Science and Scientific literature. Notes: Slides #0, Slides #1, Plagiarism [uOttawa], Scientific Misconduct [Economist] Sep 14, Sep 16, Sep 21, Sep 23   Statistical Methods: Online notes: [onlinestatbook]: I(A−I), II, III(A−C), IV(A−E), VI(A−E), XI(A−E[1…6]) XII(A−E), XIII, Notes: Slides #2A, Slides #2B, Slides #2C, Slides #2D, Slides #2E, Slides #2F, References: Goosed-up graphs [Datavis.ca], Junkcharts Question: Scientific Misconduct: when is it a mistake and when is culpable? [economist], [BBC] Sep 28, Sep 30, Oct 5, Oct 7,   Research Ethics Notes: Slides #3A, Slides #3B, Slides #3C, Slides #3D, Slides #3E, Slides #3F, Online references: "Justice", Sandel [harvard] Seven Creepy Experiments [wired] Oct 19, Oct 21, Oct 26   Medical Devices, Biomedical Engineering Practice Notes: Slides #4A, Slides #4B, Slides #4C, America's medical-technology industry [economist] (Guest Lecture: Tim Zakutney, UOHI, Oct. 19&21) Oct 20   Visit to U. Ottawa Heart Institute (6-8pm). Meet at the Heart Institute lobby at 5:55 p.m. Oct 12, Oct 14, Oct 28, Nov 4,   Cells and Electrophysiology Notes: Slides #5A, Slides #5C, Slides #5D, Slides #5E, Slides #5F, genomics of elderly [economist], polution and evolution [economist] (Guest Lecture: Jim Green, Nov. 4) Slides #5B (Green), Nov 9,   Guest Lecture: Marc-André Gagnon. Notes: Slides #4D (Gagnon), Nov 2, Nov 11, Nov 16, Nov 18   Oxygen transport (heart and lungs) Notes: Slides #6A, Slides #6B, Slides #6C, Slides #6D, Slides #6E, Slides #6F, Nov 23, Nov 25, Nov 30, Dec. 2   Biomechanics Notes: Slides #7A, Slides #7B, Ingber (2003) Ann Med 35:564-77 Slides #7C, Slides #7D, Slides #7E, Guest Lecture: Michel Labrosse (U.Ottawa) Dec. 9   Final Exam: 13:00−16:00 Location: AP-132 Dec. 16   Project Presentations: 10:00−15:00 Last Updated: $Date: 2012-02-16 16:32:43 -0500 (Thu, 16 Feb 2012) $